After many fluctuations in vegetation cover, post-glacial lowland rainforest began to dominate by 11.5kya and remained intact until today. Pollen records suggest that this region of Borneo was impacted after 50kya by alternating phases of cool dry montane forest and grassland with warmer phases when closed canopy lowland rainforest was present although the rainforest never disappeared entirely from the region (Hunt et al. Between the limestone outcrops, deep gorges and gullies have been gradually vegetated by specialised mixed dipterocarp flora that reflects the effects of torrential water flows from the outcrops. Progressive erosion and slips from the cliff faces created boulder-strewn talus slopes at the base of some of the outcrops and the result of these processes had created a river-fringed area of tropical rainforest comprising of two distinctive forest types - tidal swamp forest and high-canopy closed rainforest. Its tributary, Sungai Tangap, forms the eastern boundary and another tributary, Sungai Sekaloh, borders the Park from the south. The site is bordered on three sides by rivers in which Sungai Niah is the major waterway along the western boundary. South South-West of Miri city, Niah Caves is situated in a National Park measuring 3,139 hectares.
inland from the north Borneo coast.The inundation of the Sunda shelf resulting from the onset of global warming in the Terminal Pleistocene had created a landscape surrounding Niah Caves that is made up of tidal swamp forest and high-canopy closed rainforest (Barker, 2011).
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The caves comprise a series of colossal interconnected caverns and numerous smaller caves, located in the Gunung Subis massif about 15km. The Niah Caves is located in Island Southeast Asia (tropical islands lying in between mainland East Asia and Taiwan to the northwest and Australia and New Guinea to the southeast) which is one of the most organically diverse regions in the world, where 25 biodiversity hotspots could be found (Gower et.
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